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The Black Army (III)


The Bolshevik betrayal

mid October 1920, Army Black Makhno commanded the White Army fighting led by Baron Wrangel, defeating and capturing over 4,000 prisoners. The White Army withdrew to the Crimea peninsula.

acting together but under different flags, Red and Black hosts were handed the task of attacking the White Army. 13 to 14 November 1920 the Army Black took both positions and isolated the Wrangel's White Army, causing them to flee.

The Red Army took the city without casualties, and sent 150,000 troops from Russia. At such times, the Black Army had neither organized 5,000 men, and had just defeated the White Army (much higher in number) after a 9-month war.

After defeating the White Army, Karetnik is called by the Red Army on the night of November 25 to attend a military council by which to adjust future conditions for coexistence of hosts Red and Black, and societies anarchists and communists, once expelled the Whites. On the way is captured by the Bolsheviks. That same day the Red Army imposed a single staff for both armies, something that does not accept the Black Army. Karetnik is shot like Peter Gavrilenko, on 26 November.

On November 26, 1920 there is a Red Army attack rested all Black army positions in the Crimea. The proportion is 30 per Bolshevik anarchist. The victory of the Bolsheviks was inevitable.

When the Red Army attacked Gulai-Pole, there is Makhno with about 250 cavalry troops. In a numerical relationship very unfavorable, the Black Army cavalry faced cavalry forces broke the siege Bolshevik enemy. Gulai-Pole fell into enemy hands, but managed to escape Makhno.

December 7 Martchenko and troops are in Kermentchik Makhno, the absolute desolation of Makhno seeing his Cavalry was virtually annihilated. Martchenko, to dismount to greet Makhno, said: " Yes, brothers. Now we know what the Communists ." Black Army remains are isolated. There were only 2,500 men to fight the 150,000 Red Army troops.

The remains of the Black Army meet again under the command of Makhno, who completes a unit of 1,000 cavalry and 1,500 infantry. From the first week of December are the most important positions attacked the Red Army in the area Gulai-Pole. Kalachnikoff died in that attack, one of the most prominent members of the Council of Insurgentes.

On 6 December, the Black Army has regained some of its territories, including Gulai-Pole, and Lenin ordered the deployment of reinforcements from Moscow.

mid December 1920 the Red Army recaptured the positions you took the Army Black, whose supporters and alleged supporters were massacred. It seems right to consider this date as the end of Black Army, and that since then (before the numerical inequality) the anarchists were organized as a guerrilla, forming commands less than 100 men.

led by Makhno's forces were forced to fight for more than 15 hours, and any damage cause they got the Red Army was negligible because the Bolsheviks had only fought in that war. It is estimated that there were clashes every day, and in each confrontation red forces were higher by 4 or 5 times the actual anarchists.

The disaster was a matter of time. Known Makhno meritorious victories, which came to do more than 20,000 prisoners. is known that more than 3,000 of these prisoners have joined the Black Army, and that (due to the inability to feed and because of the slowness that would mean for the troops) prisoners who refused to join them were released after have been disarmed.

Thereafter troops guarding Makhno went to the West. After eight months of uninterrupted persecution guerrillas in August 1921 reached the Romanian border. Makhno crossed the border with numerous injuries.

Martchenko, general manager of the Black Cavalry, was killed in February 1921 by the Red Army in an ambush. In spring 1921, Peter Rybin was arrested and shot by the Cheka Kharkhov days later. Kojin Thomas, commanding general of the Machine Gun Corps, is seriously wounded in combat in May 1921, and disappears. Kurilenko, stationed in the war against Denikin, died in a clash with the Red Army in June 1921. Also in June 1921 Stchuss dies, Russian-born anarchist and friend of Makhno. Belach Victor falls into the hands of the Red Army and disappears.

But the end Black Army was not the end of the Makhnovists. Makhnovist guerrilla fighting continued until 1924.

Components in exile in what was the army Makhnovist came as the International Brigades during the English Civil War, these Ukrainians were part of a company led by "Lieutenant Shevchenko" within Mickiewicz-Palafox Battalion of the Thirteenth Brigade International or Dabrowski Brigade, which crossed the Pyrenees after the fall of Catalonia, and who participated in the Resistance.
According to the historian Franco-Bulgarian, Frank Mintz, even during the Second World War, the impact appeared Makhnovist since that "Ukrainian guerrilla groups still brandished the black flag and fought against both Nazi and Stalinist" . (p.303), one of these partisan groups was organized in 1943 around Kiev by Ossip Makhnovist Tsébry. When Stalin died in 1953, there was a major insurrection in the Gulag where he was a black banner with the name "Makhno" written.

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The Black Army (II)



Although official Soviet history always stressed that both armies were one, the reality is that this is false. The Bolsheviks knew growing weaker, fighting against the White Army and allies, and lacked the infrastructure and resources to equip, moving and feeding troops. The possibility that the Black and the Green Army will fight against the White armies in Ukraine was desired by the Bolsheviks, so that the Soviets were always generous in providing men to either of those two sides.

The Bolsheviks respected the black flag and territory conquered by the Black Army. In return, the Council allowed insurgents to install a provisional Soviet territory: The Soviet Military Revolutionary Workers and Peasants Insurgentes. What at first was a Soviet character Executive anarcho-communist character, soon lead to conflicts between peasants and workers, as it was obliged to enforce laws and restrictions of liberty ordered from Moscow, and the peasants Makhnovists recognized no authority above them, except that they would impose.

view of the Bolsheviks, Makhno was behaving with excessive autonomy, for carrying out activities that will soon clashed with the political commissars sent by the Red Army from Moscow. The essential point is that Makhno ordered not coerce the freedom of action of farmers and coming to his defense when they were attacked. That caused numerous skirmishes between pro-Soviet and anarchists, which implied a political conflict.

There was a clash between the armies of Red and Black because of bad relations between anarchists and communists coincided with the great offensive of the White Movement in the summer of 1919, supported by Russia were allies during World War World bourgeois sectors, pro-Western Mensheviks and the Green Army.

First Denikin and offensive alliance with the Ataman Grigoryev

Maknho knew that sooner or later anarchist society would be swallowed by one of the enemies, although deep admiration for Lenin kept him convinced he can agree with him.

In January 1919, the General Staff of the White Movement ordered a gradual withdrawal of the Ukrainian Nationalist Army troops Verde. The order is accepted by the Nationalists, and that subordination is not accepted by Grigoryev (Army Green) and his troops declared in default. Therefore, attacking the army in February Verde, under the banner of the red flag even though he be not a Bolshevik. It is understood that the use of this flag was due to the common will of the Bolsheviks and Grigoriev troops.

In April 1919, Grigoriev military allies ousted the White Army. From that moment the Bolsheviks torture chamber activity was increasing in major Ukrainian cities and looting of Ukrainian fields managed for the maintenance of the combat units of the Red Army. These raids brought killings and executions of whole families of peasants and workers, anarchists and nationalists.

data exist that suggest that, despite their victory over the armies of occupation under red flag, Moscow's orders were clear about Grigoriev, should be eliminated intelligently because despite being a hero who fought under the Communist flag, his ideas were incompatible with the Bolsheviks.

There had been contacts and links between Grigoriev and Black Army of Makhno, but both the national consciousness like no anarchism rooted second precluded any agreement with a Ukrainian nationalist and Grigoriev. On the other hand, was a history of involvement in anti-Semitic pogroms Grigoriev, equivalent to being a murderer in the eyes of libertarians.

clashes between anarchists and Bolsheviks unions were growing. The economic consequences in this period were high inflation, which allowed trade unions argue that inflation was consistent with the wishes of the Black Army to benefit the farmers who exploited natural resources at the expense of harming the urban workers.

Nothing advanced by the Bolsheviks was true. The crisis was due to Austrian and German troops had come to the aid of the nationalistic positions during 1917 - 1918, charging in the form of agricultural production. This collection, due to economic weakness in Germany and Austria, looting soon became, and they rose to meet Ukrainian mercenaries infested White Army service.

The local soviets policies practiced uncomfortable for the rural population, and were producing hard altercations. occur peasant massacres carried out by Bolshevik guerrillas supported by the Red Army, and are persecuted anarchist leaders, including Néstor Maknho.

In that moment of conflict in the making, the Chief of Staff of the White Army, Denikin, ordered an offensive against the Army Black in a surprise attack and took Gulai-Pole (June 6, 1919). Mikhalev

Pavlenko (Russian anarchist) was seized by the Bolsheviks on 13 June 1919 while on his way to fight Denikin troops in an armored train, and executed a few days in Karkhov.

This was the one that ended up causing the agreement between two personalities as different as those of Grigoriev and anarchist army, which was signed on June 25, 1919, probably by the policy of the common enemy (first the Green Army after the Bolsheviks).

The Bolsheviks, appalled by the possibility of enemy armies as White, Green and Black, decided that the only way not to be annihilated in an area as difficult to master as Ukraine, was to break the company formed Grigoriev and Makhno, who joined several million people.

How the Black Army exercises its sovereignty in Ukraine is viewed with skepticism in Moscow and dislike of the Bolsheviks, whose lack of appreciation torture chamber to politicize society. Trotsky first raised the possibility of eliminating the Black Army, made up of anarchists without any willingness to submit to the Leninist project. clashes between the Bolsheviks and anarchists are increasing, and apparently Lenin understood that the main culprit is the Captain Grigoriev that, unlike Makhno, has never relied on the Bolsheviks.

relationship between Black and Red Army had not deteriorated despite the series of murders, for the simple reason that the Bolsheviks were not concerned that it did and the Black Army had no choice. First the Black Army was tough and frightened the enemy with his quick and devastating attacks, and secondly because the Bolsheviks regarded Makhno more akin to their ideals that Grigoriev, and it was not getting rid of Makhno and leave alive Grigoriev .

Unlike Makhno, Grigoriev (which they fought under a red flag, something that never made Makhno) thought it was easier to an understanding with the White Army forces with the Bolsheviks despite the opposing ideas of Makhno, behind which corresponded with the nationalist pro-White.

Grigoriev When retreating after the devastating attack Denikin's White Army in the summer of 1919, Makhno was called by a Congress who were celebrating the anarchists.

According to official Soviet history, Makhno was felt betrayed and ordered the murder of Grigoriev after the Bolsheviks send him a letter written by him to Symon Petlyura, Ukrainian Nationalist Army Green, who collaborated with the European Entente Ukraine sought to conquer.

Makhnovists sources attributed the killing to a reactionary speech at a conference Grigoriev anarchist. Apparently the speech was disarmed by Makhno, and Grigoriev, feeling embarrassed brandished a gun and called the fight to his personal guard, prompting a firefight that was resolved in minutes.
The Black Army then mobilized more than 15,000 men, many from the Green Army since mid-1919 appears to be the only armed force ready to combat the spread of the White Army in Ukraine, reinforced by nationalist Army Green English, French and Polish ...

General Denikin The delay in the final attack on Moscow, debido en parte a las tropas que aún mantiene en el Sur de Ucrania luchando contra el Ejército Negro y con las que contaba para la ofensiva final. A finales de septiembre de 1919 el Ejército Blanco, en mayoría numérica, persiguió a los makhnovistas hasta obligarles a combatir a campo abierto. Combatieron durante dos días, al cabo de los cuales el Ejército Blanco huyó después de perder dos regimientos. En ese momento incierto para el Estado Mayor ruso, varios regimientos del Ejército Negro atacan sorpresivamente el grueso del ejército de General Denikin y en la batalla de Uman los aniquilan casi completamente, ocupando, también por sorpresa, las principales ciudades. Las tropas del Ejército Negro atacaban con amazing mobility, destroying three white regiments in three days, during which he completed an advance of more than 350 kilometers.

Makhnovist expansion broke enemy morale. The Black Army won key positions for supplying the British troops advancing on Moscow. The interruption of the supply route greatly weakened the White Army and its allies.
Since then the Black Army retained control of Ukraine for several months, while the Red Army ravaged the White Army remnants remaining in Russian lands without any form of supplies.

Shortly after the Bolsheviks re-enter Ukraine and soon Soviet power permeates the entire society. To avoid major conflicts, the Cheka not mobilized against the peasants, but many disappear. Farmers anarchists and other rebel continually against the Soviet decisions taken by them. The clashes between anarchists and workers Bolsheviks bands are constant in the big cities, while in the villages, involvement with the anarchist cause is total.

In spring 1920 the Council of Insurgentes, mastermind of the Black Army, received orders from Moscow to move their regiments to the Polish border to the rescue Red Army is being severely beaten on the Western Front. The Board of insurgents led by Makhno refused. was war raging between the two armies , lasting several months.

In the same spring of 1920 the Bolsheviks venture into Gulai-Pole, arresting and shooting to Lepetchenko Sawa and Makhno, brother of Nestor Makhno.
During that same spring of 1920 Baron Wrangel reconstructs the regrouping White Army troops defeated Denikin. For his part, Insurgentes Council decides that the main danger is the White Army. The peace petition sent to Moscow but the Army Red does not answer.

These movements are used by Soviet propaganda services, reflecting back to the Black Army planning an alliance with the White movement. But those talks never happened.

During these months there is an epidemic of typhus among the troops of the Black Army, and die a little less than half of the combatants.

acts of war continue, so the Black Army is further weakened by the White and Red armies, so much so that sometimes the Black Army is attacked by the Red while retreating before an offensive White. The wounded and sick villages are usually carried anarchists are frequently assaulted.

During the summer of 1920 recovering Baron Wrangel many Ukrainian cities and expels the Red Army in the region, undermining the Bolshevik troops, that were recalled. Then agreed to hold peace talks with the anarchists.

Both sides released prisoners. There was talk of granting various departments Ukrainian anarchists, so they could develop in them their "social studies." The final agreement was very favorable to the Bolsheviks, the anarchists as a reward for obtaining the retraction of the Bolsheviks, who denied that the insurgents sought ally with the White Army. Product
Peace Treaty in the autumn of 1920 both armies agreed to act together, delaying the final agreement before the imminence of responding to attacks from the White Army.

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The Black Army (I)


The Black Army was an armed group based mostly Ukrainian anarchists and one of the four armies that participated in the Russian Civil War, where they fought well, integrating Bolsheviks Red Army, pro-Western conservative and Mensheviks grouped in the White Army , and nationalists who formed the Green Army .

This was not a big army, but was highly respected because of their ferocity in battle and the speed of movement. Traveled long distances at high speed to attack from several sides and removed in a short space of time, or surprise attack on the enemy's rear after an apparent escape. On the other hand, being an army with a strong social support, did not require considerable expenditure on infrastructure and there was need for centralized organization.

The usual tactic was to attack Black Army with few combatants, strike forcefully and disappear, or flee in the middle of the battle for hours after attacking the enemy's rear, which allowed him to undermine the morale of the enemy.
In fighting in the open field was recognized by the fierceness of his men, mostly peasants who risked their lives in defense of their land with more courage than any other group of fighters.


Context

In Ukraine there was a peasant majority used to being attacked by different armies and work with other farmers, to develop small armed groups, specialized in defending the village from intruders. For these State peasants was an instance inevitable that periodically appear in the fields in the form of army to keep a portion of the harvest.

At the end of World War I, between December 1917 and January 1918, the peasant guerrillas drove the large landowners in their areas of influence, dividing and valuing the land and industries.

But in March 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which allows the Austro-German axis to occupy Ukraine. Strong currents revolutionary anarchists and the Ukrainian people who months ago were allied with the Bolsheviks and fought beside him, were crushed by the powerful Austrian army. land immediately return to their former owners, whose privileges are reinforced in order to maintain the neutrality of the region as it prepares the return of the Czar. To this end Skoropadsky appointed Ataman, a tsarist convinced, as head of the central RADA.

Landowners who are reinstated, they were grouped with the approval of the RADA to get revenge on the rebels who took off the land. The legal protection of the RADA was normal, considering that the insurgents were potential rebels and should be removed to prevent the republication of the Russian case, if the Tsar finally returned to Ukraine. During June, July and August 1918, the repression of the Ukrainian RADA was bloody and many anarchists were executed.

addition to the repression of nationalist Green Army, paid by landlords and service to Kiev, the peasants suffered the lash of continuous occupation troops in Germany and Austria.

The need for some unifying against the harsh repression, is what leads to Gulai-Pole farmers to organize themselves to take active part in the war that was waged against totalitarianism and the tyrants of RADA. A leading figure in the Black Army was Nestor Makhno, who brought together the wishes of the peasants, contrary to the restoration proposed by the White Army, and never lost his support.

was organized in the summer of 1918 as a scourge of the positions of the Green Army and Axis forces in Europe. Composed mainly of peasants, the Black Army had at the end of this year with more than 1,500 troops. To his misfortune, Makhno always maintained the hope that it was possible to maintain an alliance with the Bolsheviks against the nationalism of the Green Army and the monarchy which sought to restore the White Army.

lived in the Black Army leaders with different ways of understanding War. Commanders as Karetnik, Marchenko, Vasilevsky, Veretélnikoff, Gavrilenko and Stchuss sympathized with the Bolsheviks at the beginning, just like Makhno, who even met Lenin.

Other officials and ideologues as Kalinitchenko, Kurilenko, Lepétchenko Belash and brothers were also anarchists demonstrating ideologically distant from any other side and did not favor any alliance.
Maknho tolerate freedom of their colleagues to ally with or fight the Bolsheviks.


Internal organization and military resources

organization Black internal Army was based on three basic principles:

Volunteering: All fighters were volunteers, not forced anyone to join the army.

Eligibility: The unit commanders, staff members and the Council of insurgents, and in general those who occupy important posts, to be elected or accepted by the insurgents of the respective unit and the whole army.

consenting Discipline: All rules of discipline were drawn up by commissions of insurgents and then validated in assemblies military. Once established, should be strictly observed under the personal responsibility of each insurgent and each commander.

Cavalry was considered one of the best in the world, and had his own elite corps, the "Black Sotnia.

is estimated that in 1919 more than 25,000 Ukrainians fought in the Black Army.
The ability to mobilize the Black Army was very high, and is also used to rotate the troops, because the majority of Ukrainian peasants had combat experience, having participated in the First World War.

Sources mentioning that more than 100,000 people fought in the Black Army during the Civil War, as it must be borne in mind that farmers, although many were not regular soldiers, were the logistics network.

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Suicídese! make us rich ...



"Suicídese, s'il vous plaît!": That Vanity Fair magazine titled an article in its latest edition which uncovers who benefits from suicides in the French company France Télécom.

Through many interviews with employees, union members and managers, will unravel the mystery journalist of the 25 suicides and 15 attempts over year and a half. And, managers were proposed in order to cut staff to reduce costs, as many were officers, had to get them to leave on their own feet.

macabre stories of suicides as an employee who spoke with a buddy for an hour until they are left overwhelmed by a train, something she heard or that another employee of France Télécom, hanged himself with a telephone cable, combine with the most scandalous of deaths and massive depression in the company: in 2008 the 100,000 workers added 2 million sick days a year, between 15 and 40% of the salary of managers depended on their ability to discourage and cause employees to leave the company and helping to set up even the profile of suicide: male, officer, between 50 and 60.

methods to promote the casualties were shocking: mobilizing people job, and city office several times for no reason, go to a computer to "marketing" and a technician were the softest telemarketer. The statements are breathtaking: "Every morning, on the road that took me from home to work, cried" , "Officials can not lose their job, but we can required to do whatever it anywhere. Those who are under contract, we can not ask them anything anywhere. But we fire! ":" I have seen how a director, in public, pointing a finger at someone and say, "Because of him have not reached the premium." Imagine! Everybody was against it! ".

The slogan "A call, a sale" screenprint at the office, was not a goal, it was almost an obligation.

And, not just managers earned more if they could lower officials and fired more people, but workers' wages also depend on what sold in terms of extremes, so much so that the offices appeared seriagrifado "One call, one sale." In fact, by selling short, to get up much or go to the bathroom a minute before the job, an employee received serious warnings or withdrawal of a portion of salary.

But France Télécom as billed 53,000 million euros in 2008 flatly denied these charges, until a sinister plot to hear the head of Human Resources of the company: "The number of suicides has not risen over the years. We recall that in 2000 there were 28 cases and in 2002, 29. "

However, in September 2009 jumped the last scandal, in which a worker left a note accusing France Télécom directly to his death : off alarms, Sarkozy pressured the company that the French government is involved in 26% and it was decided to allocate half a million euros analyze the problems of workers and trusted enjean-Claude Delgenes to "establish a good working environment", 12 years after the madness begins when the privatization of France Télécom, madness got a cut of 30,000 employees and closure of three offices in five years.

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"We need something for people to die," 1978 report for the British tobacco industry


The UK tobacco industry managed to late seventies to sell the idea that smoking was good because the cancer reduced the number of elderly dependents.

the late seventies, the tobacco industry was in a "critical moment." The evidence of the relationship between their product and lung cancer were as incontestable, and the sector was "being questioned in many directions." So to a report of the advisory Campbell-Johnson to the British Association of Tobacco (BAT). It has been 30 years since then, but it seems that some of the considerations of the text did not fall on deaf ears. Given the imminence a change in English legislation to toughen the current limits on public smoking, the National Committee to Prevent Smoking This study has revealed. Surely, some of his claims were only for domestic consumption. But that does not take away interest, although it can not be applied to the letter.

"The snuff has the social function of limiting the number of elderly dependents must maintain the economy." This consideration is contained in a document to handle public relations that the British tobacco industry commissioned in late 1978. The author himself acknowledges that "obviously" this argument "does not may be used publicly, but it develops: "With a general increase in life expectancy, we need something for people to die. In place of the effects of war, poverty and hunger, cancer, considered the disease of the rich, developed, has a role to play. " This idea, considered a" psychological factor to continue like people from smoking as pleasurable, albeit a dangerous habit, should not be underestimated. "

The text recognizes the damage it can do to the industry the association between smoking and lung cancer." The medical challenge has acted as a nuclear bomb lasting effect " for the sector, the report admits. But even then, suggests several ways to counteract its effects. Trying to deny it is "choosing to raise the battle where the opposition [to snuff] is stronger, so we have to wait:" With a tremendous advance in our knowledge of the causes of cancer or the discovery of a potent cancer inhibitor, is can transform snuff and health controversy, "he suggests. Therefore, "the industry needs to be prepared for a sudden medical breakthrough."

The other possibility suggested by the report was that the pressure on the yield to the importance snuff was taking at the time the study of breast cancer. In however, warned of another possible medical front: "The role of habit [smoking] as a major cardiac risk factor."

then-record 1978 - the industry was still a medical battle to give: that of passive smoking on the borderline of what credible. " "We have tried to define as a general health risk rather than a low risk to certain restricted groups of people."

also suggest a possible danger. Demonization of snuff that is accompanied by a relaxation to the marijuana, or association between both substances. Although snuff is a "drug of relaxation" can be "a blessing humanity in a stressful world, its association with marijuana would be harmful.

If the health protection of snuff and was taken for loss in 1978, was the social battle. "snuff smoke has a significant capacity to disturb, and the inability of smokers to take into account the comfort of others is one of the important reasons that are now used to condemn the habit, "he says.

To combat this negative image, the paper suggests several lines." There is still room to try and get that smoking is considered one of the habits that are not questionable per se, "he says. One of the actions is to promote a code of conduct among smokers that, if followed, "Ensure that defendants are not nonsmokers arrogantly assumed the right to pollute the air around them." "His tone has to be frank and positive", and one of its goals should be to "restore the image of smoking as an extroverted and sociable person, not being a neurotic, foul and painted by anti-smoking marginal."

The other is the creation - "with the blessing of the industry" - the associations of smoking. The text itself acknowledges that doing this is difficult if you want look like an independent, but adds a possible course of action: "The protection of freedom of choice of every individual adult any field (but especially smoking) "and" defense of smokers against unjust discrimination or restriction on their enjoyment of snuff. "This is one of the reasons why scientists like CNPT groups accuse of working partnerships profumo the benefit of the industry.



Source: http://ww w.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Necesitamos/algo/gente/muera/elpepusoc/20090812elpepusoc_9/Tes

The Property Of Very Slowly

Misuse historiography of anarchism



Mauricio Basterra

The theme of the English Civil War and the labor movement and its protagonists, is the subject of ongoing research that makes us increasingly closer to a reality exciting.

While there are many papers addressing this issue in a serious and documented, as well as reports and testimonies rescue valuable time, other studies only serve to inflame passions or justify putting existing ideas as a witness to history. And the latter is not only unique to the political right (which is pseudo-characters of the underworld to rescue all the works of Franco's dictatorial period), but left that wants to justify his position by blaming others. And, curiously, they want to blame those who today, for various reasons are more difficult to defend or downright impossible.

A series of works, both literary and cinematic, it has happened in recent times and has put the spotlight on the anarchists. Some with outright bad faith, others by complete ignorance of all that are anarchist ideas. We

never seen a wide range of stereotypes about anarchism. From documentaries like "The honor of injuries" to novels like "Black Powder", to alleged reports as "Diary of a gunman anarchist" to works of historical research as "The Shield of the Republic" or "The Battle of Madrid ". In all gives a distorted view of anarchism, a deepening no figures that make up the story or make a generality. In this last line could also fit the book "The Revolution Betrayed." Each of these examples (many more) can you argue your ignorance, partial or complete, of the history of anarchism.

The case of the documentary "The honor of injuries", by Carlos García-Alix, rescues the figure of Emilio Felipe Sandoval Cabrerizo. Born in the Madrid suburb of injuries in the late nineteenth century, traces the life of this character from childhood to his death (Suicide) in Madrid just after the war. While Sandoval not be denied or militancy or anarchist ideology, the truth is that their actions and behavior are a minority mode of anarchism in general and in Madrid in particular. And here is where we value that Garcia-Alix has erred. Because been confused within the anarchist structures, "confederal advocacy group," "anarchist specific group" and "action group." The first was created by the CNT to carry out concrete actions against the employers' interests when the situation of working class was in some kind of danger. The vast majority was in labor. As Members of these groups should be emphasized Cipriano Mera and Eduardo Val. The target group were anarchist affinity groups, mostly in Madrid within the FAI. Its mission was more political and social awareness among citizens purchase extended anarchism. People like Melchor Rodriguez or Lorenzo Iñigo belonged to this group of militants. As regards action groups were completely isolated, had no connection with the CNT or the FAI, even though its members may be affiliated with either organization. His actions were more expeditiously. Sandoval belonged to these groups were a minority among the movement. It is even condemnation of such actions counterproductive to consider social progress of anarchism. The full FAI January 1936 condemned the assaults as a means of revolutionary action.

Sandoval's presentation during the Civil War as a leader of the "policeman of the revolution" with a relentless fury leaves bad taste. is talk of "Czech" anarchists, as anarchists have never had Czech. The Czechs were the Communist Party's secret prisons. The anarchists participated in the prisons of the Popular Front, with all similar organizations. Prisons with Juan García Oliver as Minister of Justice are closed, as that prisoners with bags of Melchor Rodriguez in front.

Making a general evaluation of this documentary is clear that the image of anarchism is distorted by the figure of Sandoval, whose actions and procedures were minority (especially considering that the sources used in the General Cause seems on many occasions that no are questioned). It seems that anarchism was composed of legions of gunmen, thugs and gangsters. What some right-wing pseudohistoriografía called "gangsters of the Republic." How far from the reality of the moment ... not referring to the rich discussions of the libertarian movement Madrid, where Sandoval never entered, social and cultural development of it is the only explanation for the growing influence of the CNT was acquired in the trade union field Madrid in defiance of the UGT. Not to mention quite fuzzy limits of workers' societies and unions of the two organizations.

This type of vision serves to Angel Viñas historians and journalists as Jorge Martinez Reverte, come to conclusions completely aberrant cases of repression in the Republican rearguard. For Reverte Vineyards and CNT's involvement in the killing of Paracuellos is obvious. For Viñas read its pages is almost an apology for grudge against anarchism. Despite the existence of the act that plays Reverte, but does not give any information arhivístico of it, the objective data of the historical moment makes us see that the CNT had nothing to do with Paracuellos. should be asked to revert from where the name of Love Nuño, who was elected Minister of Industry in the Defence Council of Madrid (JDM) to implicate him in the slaughter. Because it does not take into account that controls out of Madrid in the early morning starts Paracuellos executions are in the hands of the Junta de Defensa de Madrid and not the CNT (go over the minutes of the Board Defence of Madrid). I had not taken into account that the battalions of stages of the bags of prisoners are controlled by the communist and non-anarchists. Because if the Accountability Act that speaks to execute quoted also refers to prisoners that has prevented the assault on the Chilean embassy where he had Fascist ambush. Why so anxious to blame the anarchists, when brake actions are based precisely on these issues anarchists? Because they Melchor Rodríguez García Oliver, who hinder this. But for Vines, García Oliver is just a hypocrite. It validates the whole version of prosecuting such anarchists in this matter. And above all they have done without any documentary approach. It is certain that all members of the Popular Front organizations that formed the JDM knew about the bag of prisoners and the execution Paracuellos. Knowing is not run and much more when they are declaring the execution of more than 2,000 people and pointing names like Love Nuño.

Another dimension is the book of Miquel Mir, "Diary of a gunman anarchist." In this case dance to the source. According to the author that day he picked him up FAI archive in London. What file FAI in London? In London there is no file of the FAI. IAF files found on the Institute of Social History in Amsterdam and there are microfilm copies of them in Spain. There is another part of IAF files generated in exile in France. But in London there is nothing. How does that work for Miquel Mir held 80% of the IAF file? Do not you know FAI Documents tituralidad thereof are recognized by agreement with Amsterdam? How is it possible that if such documentation is handing it to the Generalitat of Catalonia when it is legitimate owners? I know the FAI and file does not contain any newspaper or any list of executions. What is curious, as happens with Reverte Vineyards and having a very definite ideological affiliation, in the case of Mir is a member of Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC). And it's funny that to counter responsibilities of other groups always have to acknowledge them.

varying degrees, to be a novel, we can refer to the work of Montero Glez; "Black Powder" . The author recreates the preparations and events of the attack that makes the backpack Mateo May 31, 1906 against King Alfonso XIII on his wedding day. While the book begins with a strong criticism of the police attitudes of the time, then move bag and baggage to a whole conspiracy theory about the origins of the attack. And as was said at the time, and then some authors have continued, despite is more they demonstrated that was not so, it aims to Francisco Ferrer Guardia as the instigator of the attack. The author is based on a play like José Esteban, "The anarchist Mateo Morral," which also points to the involvement of libertarian educationalist. is widespread evidence that Backpack does not act induced by anything and anyone. As Angiolillo had done in 1897 or against Maura Artal, were individual actions, because for them life threatening promoters of repression against the labor movement could be the spark that triggers the outbreak of a revolution. Vision was fulfilled at all and was constantly criticized by organized anarchism. In the novel by Montero Glez confused a whole lot of characters from the underworld of Madrid (again, as in the case of the work of Sandoval, the attempt to link the anarchists with the criminal underworld) that leave all the schematics should be . Mateo Morral A sick and outlined in all respects an obsessed Ferrer or phrases totally implausible as it puts into the mouth of Carlos Malato (which appears as an ordinary bomber) that it is better to continue detaining Ferrer to continue doing propaganda anarchism. This is what Montero Glez says in the novel that told Malato "Fernando Tarrida Marble." This completes each and Franco rightist view of history, where everything was the result of Masonic conspiracies, of anarchist- Republicans (in the pages of the novel also shows the director of The Mutiny, Jose Nakens) and used the backpack scapegoat, all scaffolding so well done that not even the judges took notice and released all the blame for the plot. Nothing to envy, at present, given the regular season on the 11-M.

But while there is all this literature and dealing with anarchism works from an entirely unprecedented, there is another that arises, that under a libertarian umbrella reached similar conclusions. Perhaps, to name but one, the work "The Revolution Betrayed. The True Story of Balius and the Friends of Durruti result would come across an amazing story of anarchists betrayed by their own comrades, led by militant libertarians spurious interests for their own benefits (such as anarchist ministers) and making the CNT and FAI completely organizations for children, where only a minority as "Friends of Durruti" knew the reality of the situation. Little has been documented about the author. If anything distinguished the CNT along its entire existence was his pragmatic analysis and at the same time revolutionary. Collaboration with the Republic Civil War is not confined only four ministers (the fifth, Segundo Blanco, nobody remembers it.) The minister was not mayor or councilman, who was not in police took command in the army, etc. If something has to distinguish the position of the CNT and FAI during the war was precisely because of the generosity in agreeing on its principles in view of the military victory over the rebels. Something no other political group loyal conducted field. But it seems that there is a general tendency to make the story. "The Friends of Durruti" were a small group within the CNT of Catalonia, the CNT is not itself. These defenses so bitter these groups remind me Munis Grandizo work of Marxist, "Milestones of defeat, promises victory", where everyone was wrong unless the small group he headed. With this way of understanding the English Revolution is given to see a number of militants of the CNT, (do not forget that the largest labor organization of the entire field-fascist), inappropriate and perverse manipulated by a minority seeking power. Nothing was further from the truth.

could put many cases (for example, the extensive literature that emerged around May 1937, with works such as Ferran Gallego), but it would lengthen somewhat, resulting in the same. 's work historiography anarchist or anarchism question has to do a serious, meticulous and quiet. Material no. There are files, such as the CNT and the FAI, completely unexplored for many investigations. Like search for documents in general files with bundles still unexplored. Likewise, these studies will always be platforms that facilitate their dissemination and knowledge; Germinal. Journal of Libertarian Studies and Fundación Anselmo Lorenzo (FAL) are the two best examples of this. And this without ignoring the work in many other areas is being done in the same vein, whose sole mission is to recover the history of the English libertarian movement.

Article published in the Bicel (Internal Report of Libertarian Studies Foundation Anselmo Lorenzo), December 2008.

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